APA STYLE GUIDE

PLEASE BE SURE TO DOUBLE SPACE CITATIONS. For space saving reasons, the citations below are single spaced. APA requires double spacing of citations.If your source does not appear on this sheet, consult the APA guide available on Reserve or at the Information Services desk.

Typical book entry -- single author
     Arnheim, R. (1971). Art and visual perception. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Capitalize only the first word of the title (and the first word of the subtitle, if any) and any proper names. Include any additional information necessary for retrieving the book (such as "3rd ed." or "Vol. 4") in parentheses, immediately after the title. Spell out the publishing names of associations and university presses, but omit superfluous terms such as "Publishers," "Co.," or "Inc." If two or more locations are given, give the location listed first or the publisher's home office. Close with a final period.

Multiple authors
When a work has between two and six authors, cite all authors. When a work has more than six authors cite only the last name of the first author followed by "et al."

       Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails.  Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

       Roeder, K. et al. (1967). Nerve cells and insect behavior. Cambridge, MA:   Harvard University Press.

Corporate authorship
       Institute of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago:  Midwestern Publishing.

No author identified
       Experimental psychology. (1938). New York: Holt.

Citing items in an anthology
       Rubenstein, J.P. (1967). The effect of television violence on small children. In B.F. Kane (ed.), Television and juvenile psychological development (pp. 112-134). New York:  American Psychological Society.

Reprinted or republished books
       Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923).

Following the entry, enclose "Original work published" in parentheses, noting the original date.

Citing multivolume works
       Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.

In listing a multivolume work, the publication dates should be inclusive for all volumes. The volumes should be identified, in parentheses, immediately following the book title. Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information; close the entire title, including the volume information, with a period.
Citing one book in a series
       Cousins, M. (1984). Michel Foucault. Theoretical traditions in the social sciences. New York: St. Martin's Press.

The series title should be included immediately following the book title and should not be underlined. Close with a period.

Edited collections
       Higgins, J. (Ed.). (1988). Psychology. New York: Norton.

or

       Grice, H. P., & Gregory, R. L. (Eds.). (1968). Early language development.  New York: McGraw-Hill.

Citing specific editions of a book
       Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Immediately after the book's title, note the edition information in parentheses (for example, "5th ed." or "rev. ed."). Do not use a period between the title and the parenthetical information.

Translated works
       Freud, S. (1970) An outline of psychoanalysis. (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940).

The original publication date is the last portion of the entry and should be in parentheses with the note "Original work published" followed by the date.

Citing articles in journals with continuous pagination
       Passons, W. (1967). Predictive validities of the ACT, SAT, and high school grades for first semester GPA and freshman courses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 1143-1144.

Citing articles in journals with non-continuous pagination
       Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), 178-200.

Because pagination begins anew with each issue of this journal, it is necessary to include the issue number in parentheses after the volume number. Note that there is a comma between the issue number and the page numbers, but no comma between the underlined volume number and the issue number.

Citing articles in monthly periodicals
       Chandler-Crisp, S. (1988, May) "Aerobic writing": a writing practice model. Writing Lab Newsletter, pp. 9-11.

Citing articles in weekly periodicals
       Kauffmann, S. (1993, October 18). On films: class consciousness. The New Republic, p.30.

Newspaper articles
       Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. 1,8.

No author identified
       Clinton puts 'human face' on health-care plan. (1993, September 16). The New York Times, p.1.

Reprinted or republished articles
       Clark, G., & Zimmerman, E. (1988). Professional roles and activities as models for art education. In S. Dobbs (Ed.), Research readings for discipline-based art education.  Reston, VA: NAEA. (Reprinted from Studies in Art Education, 19 (1986), 34-39.)

Following the entry, enclose "Reprinted from" in parentheses, noting the original publication information. Close with a period.

ERIC Documents

Citing interviews
       Archer, N. (1993). [Interview with Helen Burns, author of Sense and Perception].  Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, 211-216.

In this example, the interview lacks a title, so a description of the interview is given in brackets. If the interview has a title, include the title (without quotation marks) after the year, and then give a further description in brackets if necessary.

Unpublished interviews do not need a reference page entry because they are what the Publication Manual of the APA calls "personal communications" and so "do not provide recoverable data." Here, the entry consists of the first initial and last name of the interviewee, the type of communication, and the date of the interview.

(N. Archer, personal interview, October 11, 1993)

Citing films or videotapes
       Weir, P.B. (Producer), & Harrison, B.F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness [Videotape]. Boston, MA: Filmways.

Here, the main people responsible for the videotape are given, with their roles identified in parentheses after their names. After the title, the medium is identified (here, a videotape). The distributor's name and location comprises the last part of the entry.

Citing recordings
       McFerrin, Bobby (Vocalist). (1990). Medicine music [Cassette Recording].  Hollywood, CA: EMI-USA.

The name of the speaker, singer or significant contributors are listed at the head of the entry, last names first. Each name is followed by a description in parentheses of that individual's function (in this example, McFerrin is the vocalist), and a period should appear after the final parenthesis. After listing the date in parentheses followed by a period, underline the title, and specify in brackets the type of recording (cassette, compact disc, etc.). If a number is necessary to identify the recording, use parentheses rather than brackets and list the number like this: (Cassette Recording No. 8745). Conclude the entry with the place of production, and the distributor's name.

The type of medium can be, but is not limited to the following: Internet, CD-ROM, floppy disk, magnetic tapes. Pagination in electronic references is unavailable in many cases, thus left out of the citation. APA has a short section demonstrating the format for electronic references on pp. 218-222. For other examples, visit http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

Citing computer software
       Arend, Dominic N. (1993). Choices [Computer program]. Champaign, IL: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Research Laboratory. (CERL Report No.CH7-22510)

The name(s) of the programmers are listed at the head of the entry, last names first, followed by a period. After listing the date in parentheses followed by a period, underline the title, and specify in brackets that the source is a computer program. List the location and the organization's name that produced the program. Add any other necessary information for identifying the program (in this example, the report number) in parentheses at the entry's conclusion.

Full-Text Database (i.e., book, magazine, or newspaper article or report)
The second date which follows is the date the user accessed the material. In some cases an item's database accession number should be included.

       Federal Bureau of Investigation. (1998, March). Encryption: Impact on law enforcement. Washington, D.C.: Publisher. Retrieved from SIRS database (SIRS Government Reporter, CD-ROM, Fall 1998 release)

       Schneiderman, R. A. (1997). Librarians can make sense of the Net. San Antonio Business Journal, 11(31), pp. 58+. Retrieved January 27, 1999 from EBSCO database (Masterfile) on the World Wide Web: http://www.ebsco.com

World Wide Web
       National Consumers League. (1997) Helping seniors targeted for telemarketing fraud.   Retrieved February 2, 1999 on the World Wide Web:  http://www.fraud.org/elderfraud/helpsen.htm.

Sometimes authors are not identified, and there is no "last update" showing for the document. Date website was accessed should be used and efforts should be made to identify the sponsoring author/organization of the website. If none is found, do not list an author.

Periodical article (E-Journal)
       Kawasaki, J. L., & Raven, M.R. (1995). Computer-administered surveys in extension. Journal of Extension, 33 (3), 252-255. Retrieved June 2, 1999 from the World Wide Web:  http://joe.org/joe/index.html

E-Mail or newsgroup posting
Personal communications are not included in reference lists and therefore should be cited within the text only:
      Smith, Fred ("personal communication," January 21, 1999)