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The FPF has the promising potential to probe our understanding of the
strong interactions as well as of proton and nuclear structure. It
will be sensitive to the very forward production of light hadrons
and charmed mesons, providing access to both the very low-$x$ and
the very high-x regions of the colliding protons. The former regime
is sensitive to novel QCD production mechanisms, such as BFKL
effects and non-linear dynamics, as well as the gluon parton
distribution function (PDF) down to x of one ten millionth, well beyond the coverage of other experiments and providing key inputs for astroparticle physics. The latter regime provides information on open questions relating to the high-x PDFs, and in particular intrinsic charm. In addition, the FPF acts as a neutrino-induced deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) experiment with TeV-scale neutrino beams. The resulting measurements of neutrino DIS structure functions represent a valuable handle on the partonic structure of nucleons and nuclei, particularly their quark flavour separation, that is fully complementary to the charged-lepton DIS measurements expected at the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider (EIC).
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